Tempering and Nonlinear Hardness Model

Time and Temperature Dependent Microstructure and Strength Prediction

The DANTE Tempering Model accounts for both low and high temperature tempering processes, capturing the evolution of martensite into tempered martensite as a function of time and temperature; simulating carbide precipitation and coarsening for hardness and strength

Tempering is governed by time and temperature. The DANTE tempering model includes:

  • Transformation from martensite to tempered martensite
  • Iron carbide coarsening, which describes softening due to temper
  • Alloy carbide precipitation and coarsening (secondary hardening effect)

In addition to strength evolution, the carbon dependent tempering model captures material volume change during tempering—an important factor in residual stress redistribution and tempering crack risk. Allowing for analysis on residual stress change, tempering cracks, and carbide size distribution.

DANTE carbide precipitation and coarsening example
Material volume shrinkage due to carbide precipitation/growth/coarsening.
DANTE carbide size model

Nonlinear Hardness Model

Hardness in DANTE is calculated using a mixture law based on the calculated volume fraction of phases.

The hardness model accounts for:

  • Strengthening from iron and alloy carbides
  • Softening due to iron carbide coarsening
  • Secondary hardening from alloy carbide, precipitation, and coarsening
DANTE nonlinear hardness model example 1
Nonlinear hardness effect modeled using DANTE

Student/Trial License

Learn heat treatment. Explore simulation.

Start with the DANTE Student’s Guide to Heat Treating, a quick reference covering the fundamentals of heat treatment, steel microstructures, and common processes. Ready to go further? Get hands-on experience with DANTE through our student/trial license and explore real-world heat treatment simulations.

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DANTE latent heat during austenitizing

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