Case Studies
Transfer
Capturing the Critical Transfer Step
One of the most overlooked processes in heat treatment of steel parts is the transfer step where parts are moved from the heating furnace to the quenching system. During an air-transfer step, the surface of a hot steel part quickly loses heat to the environment through radiation and convective force
March 15, 2026
Distortion
Bridging Simulation and Measurement
Gears are among the most critical and geometrically complex components in modern mechanical systems. Their performance depends not only on precise geometry but also on the precise machining of distortions caused by microstructural transformations and thermal strain that occurs during heat treatment.
December 15, 2025
LPC
Advancing Low-Pressure Carburizing Through Simulation
This case study focuses on a spur gear made of AISI 5120, a low carbon alloy steel used for a wide range of applications in the automotive industry due to its versatility. In LPC, convex (outer) surfaces and concave (inner) surfaces affect the carbon uptake differently due to local diffusion
November 15, 2025
Stress
Integrating Effects of Heat Treatment into Loading Models
Finite element analysis (FEA) is widely used in mechanical design to predict part performance under various loading conditions. However, traditional loading models often assume uniform, isotropic, material properties and overlook the residual stresses and property changes introduced by heat
September 15, 2025
Fitting
From Time/Temperature to HTC
The aim of this work is to determine a set of heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) for a wide range of HPGQ pressures. Thermocouples were embedded 6” axially from the end of cylinders, made from 1018 steel, with dimensions of 3” diameter and 24” in length. A production load of about 20 bars, eight
May 15, 2025
Distortion
Bending Under Pressure: Controlling Distortion
Distortion from heat treatment is a main concern because heat treatment is often one of the last steps in the manufacturing process. Excessive distortion can ruin hours of work on parts that are machined and hardened. Reworking the parts may be challenging, and scrapping the parts leads to lost
February 15, 2025
Stress
Cold Expansion an Efficient Strengthening Solution
In flight, aerospace components are in a state of constant cyclic stress. The term “flying fatigue machines” is commonly used by those in the industry for a good reason. The dynamic forces planes and helicopters experience during service, while hopefully well below the yield strength of the material
October 15, 2024
Hardening
Inducing Heat Treatment for Case Hardening
Induction hardening has become an increasingly popular heat-treatment method for steel due to its extremely fast processing speeds. Compared to other case hardening methods, the processing times are on the scale of seconds or minutes compared to hours in a carburization furnace. Typically a
July 15, 2024
Precipitation
Metal Plasticity in Manufacturing
Understanding the plastic behavior of steel plays a crucial role in manufacturing. From raw billet to parts in service, some form of plastic deformation can be found in every step of the manufacturing process, heat treatment not excluded. In fact, I used to joke in Materials and Manufacturing
May 15, 2024
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